The first Africans arrive in a French settlement in Vincennes, Indiana, where they hunt and farm tobacco and wheat for the population.
The territory, which was ceded to the United States by Great Britain in the Peace of Paris, 1783, ending the War for Independence, includes the future state of Indiana.
The law allows slave holders to bring adult slaves owned or purchased outside the territory into Indiana and keep them bound into service through indentured servitude.
Indiana’s 1816 Constitution prohibits slavery and indentured servitude. These rights are often denied in practice to African Americans and Native Americans.
Indiana Supreme Court rules in State v. Lasselle that “slavery can have no existence” in Indiana. This decision establishes the 1816 Indiana Constitution as the authority for decisions in Indiana courts regarding slavery and involuntary servitude.
Mary Bateman Clark sues General W. Johnston to end her indentured servitude in an action filed by Attorney Amory Kinney in Vincennes, Indiana. She wins the case on appeal to the Indiana Supreme Court, setting a precedent for future cases and contributing to the end of indentured servitude in Indiana.
The law outlines the procedure slaveholders and Indiana law officials must follow in claiming “property.” All that is required to arrest alleged fugitives is a warrant, which can be obtained from a clerk at any circuit court in the state.
The Indiana General Assembly approves a joint resolution that provides for the gradual emancipation of enslaved persons and foreign colonization.
Prominent civic leaders, such as Indiana Supreme Court judges Jesse L. Holman and Isaac Blackford and attorney Calvin Fletcher, found the organization that aims to colonize free African Americans in Liberia, but few local African Americans accept the offer to relocate. The group becomes inactive by 1839.
Marion County circuit court judge Bethuel F. Morris rules that an enslaved woman and her three children passing through Indiana with their owner are free because slavery is prohibited by the state constitution. The case is one of the first such decisions in the nation, and it is highly controversial in Indiana.
The city population totals 1900 residents, with 64 African Americans.
Hansel Roberts, Elijah Roberts, and Micajah Walden purchase land in Hamilton County near Quakers and other tolerant whites to establish an independent community of African Americans. The settlement grows to include 300 residents and to encompass over 1,500 acres at its peak in the 1870s.
A group of Black Methodists in Indianapolis forms Bethel AME (African Methodist Episcopal) Church. A founder of the denomination, William Paul Quinn serves Indianapolis and other AME stations as pastor. A church building is constructed on Georgia Street, between Senate Avenue and the Central Canal in 1841.
James Overall, an Indianapolis African American, shoots a white gang member while defending his home and family from attack. Seeking legal protection from further attack, a judge affirms Overall’s “natural” right to defend his family and property.
The city population totals 2, 692 residents, with 122 African Americans.
The marriage of an Indianapolis couple, a white woman and a mixed-race Black man, sparks outrage and leads to the addition of a state law prohibiting interracial marriage.
Prominent Blacks, including J. B. Britton, Turner Roberts, and James Overall, hold the convention to declare opposition to Liberia colonization efforts. It is held at Bethel AME Church.
Three drunk white men murder Tucker while walking home after attending an Independence Day celebration at Military Park. Two of the men are arrested, and one is convicted of manslaughter.
African American Baptists form a congregation of their own, the Second Baptist Church. Its structure on Missouri Street between New York and Ohio streets becomes a target for arson when racially charged violence erupts during the 1851 Indiana Constitutional Convention. The congregation rebuilds at the same location in 1853.
The city population totals 8,901, with 405 African Americans.
Held at Bethel AME Church, delegates declare that they are entitled to all rights and privileges that other citizens enjoy in opposition to Article 13 of the proposed new state constitution. The article prevents migration of African Americans into the state.
Hoosiers statewide overwhelmingly vote for the new constitution, including Article 13 which prevents the migration of African Americans into the state. The constitution becomes effective on November 1, 1851.
Reverend Pleasant Ellington wrongfully accuses John Freeman of being his runaway enslaved person. Leading citizens come to Freeman’s defense, but he spends nine weeks in jail before the suit is dismissed when Ellington’s evidence proves false.
Prince Grand Hall of Indiana, an African American fraternal group, organizes in Indianapolis. Membership doubles between 1857 and 1865.
Indianapolis’s public schools do not allow African American children to attend. Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church founds the city’s first formal school for Black children.
Reverend E. Weaver of Bethel AME Church presides over the convention. Delegates petition the Indiana General Assembly for passage of a law to make African Americans competent witnesses in courts of law.
The city population totals 18,611, with 498 African Americans.
Bethel AME, led by pastor Willis R. Revels, burns to the ground. The fire was intentionally set because of the church’s role in the Underground Railroad. The church contracts to build a new brick church at 414 West Vermont Street in 1867-1869.
Nancy Bushrod and Samuel G. Smothers establish a grocery store, making them one of the earliest Black business owners in Indianapolis.
Indiana’s only Black Civil War regiment organizes and trains at Camp Frémont, near Fountain Square in December 1863, before official mustering. In 1864-1865, its troops engage in the Siege of Petersburg, necessary to take the Confederate capital, Richmond, Virginia.
The church begins as a Sunday School to serve the city’s east side. Samuel A. Elbert, the city’s first Black physician (1871), also establishes a day school for Blacks who live on the east side as part of the church’s mission.
Around 150 delegates meet at the Bethel AME Church to call the U.S. and Indiana governments to denounce the “unwholesome and tyrannical laws” that have deprived Blacks from the rights guaranteed to other citizens.
The amendment to the United States Constitution abolishes slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime.
The congregation receives its first full-time minister in 1867 and later becomes known as Second Christian Church, the city’s first African American Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) congregation. It changes its name to Light of the World Christian Church in 1984.
About 100 delegates call on the Indiana General Assembly to pass legislation to allow African Americans the right to vote.
Indiana becomes the 16th state to ratify the amendment that provides full citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the U.S., including former enslaved persons, and guarantees them “equal protection under the law.”
A small group of former enslaved and free Blacks form Mt. Zion Baptist Church. They meet in a tool shed donated by banker and landowner Stoughton Fletcher Sr. The congregation moves to 3500 Graceland Ave in 1960, where under the leadership of Reverend R. T. Andrews, it responds to the needs of its community, developing a geriatric center, senior apartment complexes, and a Well Baby clinic.
African American Baptist ministers join with the mission to promote their work across the area and to create opportunities for pastoral professional development. It continues to carry out this mission in the 21st century.
Indiana adopts separate but equal public schools for African American children.
Indiana becomes the 14th state to ratify the amendment that allows all men regardless of “race, color, or previous condition of servitude” to vote.
The city population totals 48,244, with 2,931 African Americans.
The local Orthodox Friends Meeting, the main branch of the Society of Friends (Quakers), founds the institution which is the only orphanage in the state and one of only a handful in the country to care for African American children.
Admitted to Indiana Medical College in 1869, Elbert receives his degree in 1871 and joins the Indianapolis Board of Health the following year.
The congregation constructs a building at the corner of North and Blackford streets in 1882 and then moves to Michigan and Blackford in 1920. The church is important to the life of the community surrounding Indiana Avenue and becomes one of the largest congregations in the city.
The Indiana Supreme Court upholds the 1869 school law, strictly forbidding Black and white students from attending the same schools.
The Civil Rights Act of 1875 affirms the “equality of all men before the law” and prohibits racial discrimination in public places and facilities such as restaurants and public transportation.
Mary Alice Rann becomes the first of several Black students to graduate from Shortridge prior to the 1927 opening of Crispus Attucks High School.
The charity is organized to provide general support to the Black population settling in Indiana from the South after the Civil War. Its work supporting those in need continues until the 1990s.
Black citizens are physically intimidated and assaulted by a white mob and rogue police officers trying to suppress the Black vote.
Chief W. O. Sherwood hires four African Americans to form Hose Company 9, originally located at 31 West Saint Joseph Street. It moves to 441 Indiana Avenue and then, when stations are renumbered in 1922, becomes Station No. 1.
To clarify the 1869 law, state lawmakers pass a new act that continues to make the organization of segregated schools lawful, but if a township cannot provide the necessary facilities then Black students must attend white schools.
Robert Bruce Bagby becomes the first African American to serve on the Indianapolis City Council. He remains on the council until 1879.
In August, the Bagby brothers—Benjamin, James, and Robert—establish the Indianapolis Leader, a four-page weekly newspaper for the city’s Black citizens. It is the first African-American paper in Indianapolis.
The city population totals 75,056, with 6,504 African Americans.
Bishop Francis Silas Chatard establishes St. Bridget’s on the near west side. Although founded as an ethnic Irish parish, St. Bridget’s soon serves Black families who live in the area.
This nationwide labor union fights for workers’ rights. It is the only union to enlist African Americans and demand equal rights for formerly enslaved people.
Known in Indianapolis for his public speaking on civil rights, James S. Hinton is the first Black man elected to represent Marion County in the State House of Representatives.
Hill is the first Black man to enroll in the Central Law School, a proprietary school organized by former Butler University professors, in 1879. He later establishes himself as the first Black attorney in Marion County and the first Black man to serve on a grand jury in Indiana.
Edward E. Cooper and Edwin F. Horn launch the Democratic newspaper, which covers national and local news and reports on the conditions of African American people nationwide.
The United States Supreme Court rules that the act, which forbids discrimination in public spaces, is unconstitutional and not authorized by the 13th or 14th Amendments.
Founded by Eliza Goff, a housekeeper and former enslaved person, the home cares for elderly and infirm African American women with no families or means of caring for themselves.
Edward E. Cooper, formerly with the Indianapolis World, launches the Freeman, a Democratic-oriented publication, in July 1888. He claims it to be the only illustrated African American journal.
The city population totals 105,436, with 9,133 African Americans.
Cassius M. Clay Willis establishes the first permanent Black funeral home, Willis Mortuary, which remains in business for over a century.
Father Daniel Curran, pastor of St. Bridget’s, opens St. Ann’s School, located at 844 Fayette Street, to serve the city’s Catholic Black children. The school remains in operation until 1919 when St. Rita’s Parish opens as the African American Catholic church and establishes its own school.
President Benjamin Harrison appoints McCoy, an Indianapolis Public School principal, general consul to Liberia. McCoy dies in Monrovia on May 16, 1893.
Sumner A. Furniss successfully competes for a City Hospital internship, becoming the first African American physician to work at the hospital. He starts his own practice the following year.
Printshop owner George P. Stewart and attorney William Porter launch the publication as a two-page church directory. In 1897, it is expanded to four pages and adopts the Recorder name.
The U.S. Supreme Court rules to uphold a Louisiana state law that allows for “equal but separate accommodations for the white and colored races.” It means that racially segregated facilities do not violate the U.S. Constitution.
Taylor sets several unofficial records in August at Indianapolis’ Capital City bike track, which results in numerous death threats. Indianapolis bicycling tracks are subsequently restricted to whites only.
A graduate of the Indiana Medical College, a private proprietary school established in 1869, Porter treats mostly African American women and children. She is instrumental in turning the attention of the Woman’s Improvement Club toward combatting tuberculosis in the African American community.
Frank William Flanner donates a cottage for the creation of the Flanner Guild (later Flanner House), the first settlement house for African Americans in the city.
The city population totals 169,164, with 15,931 African Americans.
Fox becomes the first African American to write a regular column for a white newspaper in the state of Indiana.
Formed in response to Indianapolis YMCA’s denial of Black applicants, it offers adult education, Bible studies, meeting space, and a basketball team. The organization becomes a branch of the city YMCA in 1902 and then moves to a new building on Senate Avenue in 1913.
The social club promotes community values and social awareness through meetings and gatherings among accomplished Black men in Indianapolis. The name is changed to Bachelor Benedict Club in 1914 to account for the many married members.
Lillian Thomas Fox and other prominent African American women found the self-improvement club. It later becomes known for efforts to provide tuberculosis care for African Americans.
A group of Black physicians, dentists, and pharmacists in Indianapolis formed the society. They establish the organization in response to the refusal of the Indianapolis Medical Society and Indiana State Medical Association to admit Black physicians.
At its start, IHSAA denies Black public high schools from participating in basketball leagues and tournaments from 1903 until the 1942-1943 season.
The meetings for African American men and boys begin as an evangelical effort but their scheme broadens to include social, political, and economic topics. The forum draws national leaders such as Booker T. Washington, Eleanor Roosevelt, and Martin Luther King Jr. before it dissolves in the late 1960s.
Black women’s organizations from Indianapolis, South Bend, Anderson, Marion, Muncie, and Terre Haute form the Indiana State Federation of Colored Women’s Clubs. The group focuses on the improvement of education, health, living standards, and interracial understanding.
Dr. Beulah Wright Porter Prices leads the initiative to establish what is believed to be the first fresh-air camp for tuberculosis patients in the U.S. It remains in operation until October 1916.
Named for the American Brewing Company, the ABC’s begin as an independent team but become a charter member of the Negro National League in 1920.
Indiana Elks Lodge #104 becomes the first Black Elks lodge in both Indianapolis and Indiana.
Haywood’s church quickly becomes the largest Pentecostal church congregation in Indianapolis with over 1,000 members, and the Pentecostal Assemblies of the World denomination moves its headquarters to Indianapolis in 1915.
African American physicians establish the organization after being barred from treating their Black patients in city hospitals. The hospital opens on December 15 and remains in operation until 1915.
The city population totals 233,650, with 21,816 African Americans.
Madame C. J. Walker moves her successful haircare and product business to Indianapolis. She purchases a home at 640 N. West Street and remodels a stable and warehouse on the property into a factory and office.
The women’s club opens a 14-bed hospital at 15th and Missouri streets, becoming the second to care for the city’s Black community. The organization provides in-patient care and nurse training programs to African Americans until it closes for lack of funds in 1921.
The building, constructed at 701-703 N. Senate Avenue, combines the 11 Indianapolis lodges that have arisen in Indianapolis and provides a central location for the fraternal order in the state.
Thomas Smith, one of the first four Black firefighters hired for the African American Hose Company, dies when a streetcar hits the hose wagon in which he was riding.
Mary Cable organizes the branch and becomes its first president. The organization helps Black citizens access rights guaranteed under U.S. Constitution. Within three years, the branch has 200 members.
Senate Avenue YMCA construction begins in October 1912. It offers young African American men a variety of cultural, recreational, religious, and physical exercise programs. It also provides educational classes and dormitory facilities.
Carrie Ross Barnes is the president of the branch, which provides Black women a voice that previously has been denied in predominantly white suffrage groups.
Beginning with three members, the African American congregation constructs its first building at 17th Street and Martindale Avenue in 1926.
Furniss, a member of the Marion County Republican executive committee, becomes the second African American to serve on the City Council.
Emma Christy Baker, a Black woman, becomes the first woman to serve as a police officer for the Indianapolis Police Department. She primarily works outside the station, patrolling public places downtown.
Established by Bishop Joseph Chartrand, the African American church is located at 19th and Arsenal streets in the Martindale neighborhood. A small school also opens in the parish to serve the city’s Black Catholic children.
The city population totals 314,194, with 34,678 African Americans.
The Negro National League incorporates with teams in six midwestern cities. Indiana’s team is the Indianapolis ABCs, managed by C. I. Taylor, a famed early Black baseball manager.
This branch seeks to educate and empower the women and girls of Indianapolis’s African American community. It opens in a building that previously housed the Senate Avenue YMCA.
Indianapolis native Noble Sissle writes and produces the musical with three other musicians. It marks the revival of African American folk humor, jazz dance, and Ragtime.
Originally organized as a mission of 12 people, the church opens at the corner of 22nd Street and Columbia Avenue. By the late 20th century, it becomes the largest predominantly African American congregation in Indianapolis.
Named for Black poet Paul Laurence Dunbar, the library branch opens inside segregated Indianapolis Public School No. 26. Lillian Childress Hall, the first African American that the Indianapolis Public Library employs, serves as its first director. The branch remains open until 1967.
Named for abolitionist Frederick Douglass, the Indianapolis Parks Department designates the park as separate and solely for African Americans. This discriminatory policy lasts until the 1960s. Activities at the park include little league baseball, golf, and social events.
Seven Black women at Butler University found the only Black sorority established on a predominately white campus. The sorority protests discriminatory practices as well as emphasizes sisterhood, service, and scholarship.
Indianapolis officer William Whitfield sustains a gunshot wound while pursuing a suspect. He dies five months later from the injury.
The school board proposes the construction of a separate public high school for Black students. The city’s Black community, who worry that a segregated high school will result in inferior facilities and educational opportunities for their children, protest the proposal.
The school board sets up new boundaries for four Black elementary schools, removing Black children from previously mixed schools and white children from schools in predominantly Black neighborhoods.
Ward, an Indianapolis surgeon, accepts appointment as administrator and chief medical officer of Veterans Hospital #91 at Tuskegee, Alabama. He oversees the 600-bed hospital for the next 12 years.
John Bankett, an attorney in Indianapolis, becomes the first Black Democrat nominated for the Indiana General Assembly. He loses the election to white Republican candidate, Charles Bebinger.
African American civic leaders Robert Brokenburr, William “Pres” Ruckner, and white promoter Harry S. Earl establish the Colored Speedway Association when Black race drivers are turned away from the Indianapolis 500-Mile Race. They organize the sweepstakes, which runs at the Indiana State Fairgrounds from 1924 to 1936.
Reverend C. C. Bates organizes a Sunday school that becomes Mt. Vernon Missionary Baptist Church. The congregation opens the doors of its first church in 1929.
Excluded from the Indianapolis Bar Association, the organization begins operation as the Marion County Lawyer’s Club. It ensures the professional development of minority attorneys and judges in the city’s legal community.
The Indianapolis City Council, under influence of the KKK, creates residential zoning ordinances preventing Black citizens from living in white neighborhoods.
Wiggins takes the race car he builds while working as a mechanic at an Indianapolis garage to win at the finish line. He comes to dominate the racing series and wins the Indianapolis race again in 1931, 1932, and 1933.
A jury in the Hendricks County Circuit Court finds Gene Alger, an 18-year-old college student, guilty of manslaughter in connection with the killing of IPD officer John Buchanan, the second Black officer to fall in the line of duty. Of the five Black IPD officers killed in Indianapolis to date, Alger is the only assailant to have stood trial.
Indianapolis opens Crispus Attucks High School to segregate the city’s public secondary education. Matthias Nolcox becomes the first principal and assembles a staff of African American professionals from around the country.
Completed eight years after the death of Madam C. J. Walker, the finished segments of the theatre building open during Christmas week. The entire building opens in August 1928 during the annual Madam Walker Convention.
The city population totals 364,161, with 43,967 African Americans.
Marshall, the Douglass Park golf pro, goes on to win again in 1931 and is runner-up the next year at the national tournament for African Americans played at Douglass Park.
First located on Indiana Avenue, the Indianapolis Temple is part of a new brand of Islam founded after World War I and the first established and operated by African Americans.
Denver and Sea Ferguson, African American leaders in the jazz and entertainment scene, open the Trianon Ballroom at 244 West Vermont Street, followed by the Cotton Club, also on Vermont Street, in 1933. In 1937, they open the Royal Palm Gardens and Sunset Terrace Ballroom on Indiana Avenue.
Bailey, who dedicates his career to civil rights cases, assists Attorney General James Ogden with several important cases. For many years, he is the only Black member of the Indianapolis Bar Association and defends James Cameron in the aftermath of the infamous lynching of Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith in Marion, Indiana, on August 7, 1930.
Sea H. Ferguson, an influential Indiana Avenue club owner, serves as national secretary of the United Golfers Association, founded in 1925 as the Black U.S. golfing organization. He brings its tournament to Douglass Park. Indianapolis golfer Lucy Whitehead Williams wins the woman’s championship for the first time.
Douglass Park golfer Ella C. Abel wins the woman’s UGA National Negro Golf Championship in Detroit. She earns her second national title in the event in 1935. Her Indianapolis teammate and competitor, Lucy Williams, retakes the title in 1936, 1937, 1940, and 1946.
Dr. Theodore Cable, an Indianapolis dentist, is the first African American to serve as a Democratic city councilman. He is later elected to the Indiana General Assembly.
Founded as a coalition of 9 local African American men’s social clubs, it grows to include representatives from 125 different organizations in the area, which enables them to promote a wide range of activities in education, employment, politics, civic projects.
Ritter announces his decision to end segregation in the city’s Catholic schools. He meets opposition not only from groups like the Ku Klux Klan but also from members of his own clergy.
After a successful engagement at the Sunset Ballroom on Indiana Avenue, the family moves to Indianapolis and establishes a jazz family dynasty that includes the Hampton Family Band and the Hampton Sisters (Virtue, Aletra, Carmelita, and Dawn).
Beginning during the Great Depression with groundbreaking in 1935, the Public Works Administration’s New Deal plan demolishes 363 houses on 22 acres and replaces them with 748 apartments in 24 buildings, all to be occupied by African Americans.
Enrollment in the school climbs to 1,480 with an addition to alleviate overcrowding at Crispus Attucks High School and new facilities to care for African American students with disabilities.
The Indianapolis Foundation funds the study that provides a complete “survey of the financial, educational, cultural, and medical” situation of the city’s Black population.
The city population totals 386,972, with 51,142 African Americans.
Brokenburr, an Indianapolis attorney, serves as a Republican state senator for 20 years. During his tenure, he authors bills that prohibit discrimination and an act that establishes the Indiana Civil Rights Commission.
Edna Martin, an educator and community leader, begins a daycare that grows to become a faith-based agency aimed at bridging cultural, racial, and economic differences through programs and services for children.
The Indiana General Assembly passes legislation, introduced by African American state senator Robert Lee Brokenburr, that allows Black and parochial schools to participate in the organization for the first time.
The Cincinnati Clowns move to Indianapolis and change their name to the Indianapolis–Cincinnati Clowns. Two years later, they decided to stay permanently and drop Cincinnati from their name.
African American residents hold a boycott to protest the park’s segregationist policies, which do not allow African Americans to enter with the exception of one or two days a year.
National legend Basie recognizes Johnson’s talent, and the trumpeter, who honed his skills at Indiana Avenue clubs, spends a year touring and recording with the jazz musician’s band.
Under Brown’s leadership, St. John’s congregation becomes one of the largest and most progressive African American churches in the nation. Brown also becomes an important civil rights leader. In 1986, the city renames Martindale Avenue to Andrew J. Brown Avenue in his honor.
George W. Sneed began his career in the Indianapolis Police Department in 1918. An admired and respected officer, he is promoted to the rank of lieutenant.
With a rise in KKK activity, Indianapolis resident Henry J. Richardson Jr. chairs a legislative committee to advance an anti-hate bill, which passes the General Assembly. The bill makes it unlawful to spread malicious hatred by reason of race, color or religion.
A foreign language teacher in the Indianapolis Public Schools, Ramsey writes his column for the Indianapolis Recorder on numerous topics of local interest to the African American community, including commentary on civil rights issues.
James “Bruiser” Gaines, program director of Lockefield Gardens Police Athletic League, organizes the first Dust Bowl Tournament. It is held on a dirt basketball court on Colton Street at the south end of the public-housing complex. The annual August event gains notoriety drawing thousands of spectators.
Within a few days of the passage of House Bill 242, the Indianapolis school board passes a resolution to end segregation in IPS. Despite this action, federal courts later find that the school system has perpetuated the practice.
The city population totals 427,173, with 68,867 African Americans.
Between 1950 and 1964, Flanner House builds more than 330 homes. The cooperative project, which involves the families who live in the homes, brings national recognition.
Bessie Simpson, an Indianapolis resident, calls together a group of women to establish a local branch of the club. The Links form as a volunteer service organization working to contribute to the cultural, civic, and social well-being of the community.
Authorized by the City Council, but with no legal authority, the commission helps to integrate hospitals, neighborhoods, parks, businesses, and the city’s fire, police, and sanitation departments.
Even with the integration of the city’s high schools, 11 elementary schools remain all Black and 27 schools are all white because of their geographical location. Approximately 65 percent of the city’s students attend integrated schools.
The U.S. Supreme Court rules segregation in schools to be unlawful, stating that “in the field of public education the doctrine of ‘separate but equal’ has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal.”
It is the first Indianapolis high school to win the Indiana State High School Basketball Championship since the early 1900s. The team goes on to repeat chamionships in 1956 and 1959.
Grant Hawkins, a graduate of Indiana University and owner of a janitorial supplies business, is elected to the Indianapolis Public Schools Board of Commissioners. He serves for four years.
Concerned about white flight, this neighborhood association forms to promote unity and integration. Working with local and state governments, it succeeds in encouraging an interracial community that becomes a desirable location for young professional families.
The act establishes the Civil Rights Section of the Justice Department and a federal Civil Rights Commission to provide legal protection against interference with the right to vote.
Mance is the first African American in Indiana to be elected as Marion County Superior Court judge. He serves three terms in this position.
The plan places Interstate-65 through the near northside, along Indiana Avenue, and extending south through Fountain Square. Public opposition builds quickly against this plan due to displacement and devalued property of the neighborhoods in its path.
Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. holds a speaking event at the Cadle Tabernacle in his first address in Indianapolis. He returns to the city on June 26, 1961, to speak at Mt. Zion Missionary Baptist Church.
Montgomery makes a name for himself while playing in clubs on Indiana Avenue. He records his first album with brothers Monk and Buddy on the Riverside record label.
Under Sanders’ leadership, the congregation grows significantly. He launches a radio ministry on WTLC, a job training program, and, in 1974, an annual citywide Thanksgiving dinner. The dinner, renamed the Mozel Sanders Thanksgiving Dinner, continues as a major civic effort with over 40,000 meals prepared each year.
The Wheatley branch rejoins the Central YWCA branch. The building, located on the southeast corner of Walnut and West Streets, is sold to the Prince Hall Masonic Temple.
The city population totals 476,258, with 98,049 African Americans.
Reverend C. V. Jetter, Reverend Andrew J. Brown, and Reverend Mozel Sanders launch Concerned Clergy. The ministers are active in the national civil rights movement and work to end Jim Crow laws.
Four Black firefighters transfer to two other stations than Station No. 1, and six whites (including a captain and lieutenant) move to what had been the all-Black firehouse, located on Indiana Avenue since 1922.
Blue Note record company signs Hubbard for his debut album, Open Sesame. During the next year, he releases three more recordings—“Goin’ Up,” “Hub Cap,” and “Ready for Freddie.”
Frank R. Beckwith, a local attorney, runs in the presidential primary race against Richard Nixon and several other Republicans. He receives one-third of the votes in Marion County.
Robertson is an Indianapolis native and a former Crispus Attucks student and basketball star. Within a year of being drafted by the Cincinnati Royals, he is featured in Time magazine.
Vandals deface two homes that Black people own in a previously all-white block of the Butler-Tarkington Neighborhood despite the neighborhood organization’s efforts to promote peaceful integration of the community.
As part of a mass meeting and membership drive for the local NAACP chapter, King preaches to more than 1,500 attendees.
IU trustees create Hoosier Realty Corporation to buy Indianapolis properties to allow campus consolidation and expansion. This results in the eventual displacement of the area’s mostly Black residents.
Welsh issues Executive Order 4-63 making it mandatory to provide equal opportunity for all people in places of public accommodation licensed by any state agency.
The Indianapolis Social Action Council organizes a voter registration drive that runs through September to demonstrate voting Black strength.
The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People holds a freedom rally in downtown Indianapolis focused on promoting civil rights. Around 2,000 Black and white residents attend.
Roddy, a Crispus Attucks industrial arts teacher, beats Carmel High School graduate Steve Mayhew by one stroke in the 3-day, 36-hole city tournament.
Headquartered in the inner city of Indianapolis, the largely Black organization seeks to improve city neighborhoods through the formation of block clubs and community support.
Congress prohibits discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. The act outlaws segregation in businesses and public places as well as forbids discriminatory practices in employment.
Lloyd, an Indianapolis resident since 1952, is elected as a Democrat to the Indiana General Assembly. While serving, she is diagnosed with breast cancer and becomes one of the first to share her experience with it publicly.
Osborne, a chiropractor, begins his first of five consecutive terms (1965-1986) as Center Township trustee, making him the longest serving Black official in Indiana at the time and the oldest active trustee in the state.
William T. Ray becomes the first accredited Black realtor in Indianapolis and a member of the Indianapolis Real Estate Board. Ray helps end housing discrimination in the northwest suburbs of Indianapolis.
The federal statute outlaws discriminatory voting practices including literacy tests as a prerequisite to voting.
A branch of the National Urban League, the Indianapolis League is founded in the Fall of 1965 as an interracial community-based social service group focused on civil rights.
In response to the future construction of Interstate-65, the bill seeks to “prohibit the acquisition of land or construction of public works until adequate and comparable replacement homes and churches are available to the displaced.”
African American entrepreneurs create the Indiana Avenue Association and begin work on “Operation Avenue,” one of the city’s many early efforts to rebuild urban areas affected by postwar suburbanization.
An Indianapolis native, trombonist, and composer, Baker establishes one of the first jazz studies programs at an American university. It becomes a highly respected and internationally recognized academic jazz program.
Fred Crawford is inspired to form a Black Panther chapter in his hometown of Indianapolis after attending Black Panther rallies in California. The chapter maintains 20-25 active members throughout its four-year history.
Civil rights activist Snookie Hendricks leads BRAP, the first Black militant group founded in Indianapolis. The group advocates for civil rights.
Beginning as a street patrolman in 1934, Spurgeon Davenport is elevated to the rank of deputy chief in the Indianapolis Police Department.
Charged in June 1968 with burglary and conspiracy to murder the police chief and head of police vice squad, a jury convicts two of the defendants in March 1969. When it becomes known that an undercover police officer played a role in the burglary, the Black community meets the decision with outrage.
WTLC makes its debut on 105.7 FM. The station is the first in Indianapolis to provide 24-hour radio programming for African Americans.
Democratic presidential candidate Robert F. Kennedy, speaking before a mostly African American crowd at 17th and Broadway streets, announces the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and appeals for calm. The impromptu speech attracts national attention when the city remains free of major civil unrest.
By August 1971, when the trial concludes, U.S. District Judge S. Hugh Dillin finds IPS guilty of de jure (by law) segregation and orders it to accelerate desegregation efforts. He later imposes a remedy of busing to achieve integration.
The foundation provides funding to help minority businesses get started or expand. Within its first 10 years, the organization provides over $1 million in direct loans and helps generate funds from other sources in excess of $5 million.
Boyd begins work as a reporter at WFBM (later WRTV) and becomes a household name and role model for African Americans and women. She is the first Black woman to serve as a TV news anchor and remains with the station until 1994.
Racial issues within the Indianapolis Police Department lead African American officers to form the group. It strives to create a better relationship between police and the community, particularly regarding race, and to address overt acts of discrimination within the police department.
Members of the Black Radical Action project, led by Charles “Snookie” Hendricks, interrupt services at local churches to read the “Black Manifesto.” The Manifesto, which originates in Detroit during the National Black Development Conference, calls for congregations to pay reparations to African Americans as compensation for their ancestors’ enslavement.
The continued displacement and poor police treatment of Black families in Indianapolis results in two days of civil unrest at Lockefield Gardens. The event results in the arrest of over 100 demonstrators, multiple injuries, and damage to nearby businesses. It also brings publicity to issues of local police brutality in Black neighborhoods.
The city population totals 744,624, with 134,320 African Americans. The large increase in population overall and among various groups is the result of city-county government under Unigov.
On March 13, 1969, Governor Whitcomb signs the legislation to unify Marion County and the city of Indianapolis. It becomes effective on January 1, 1970.
Taylor, who had joined the Indianapolis Regional Campus as an associate professor of sociology in 1962, is named dean of the newly established School of Liberal Arts. He remains dean until 1978. Later, the school establishes an annual symposium in his honor.
Busing begins in Indianapolis school districts in anticipation of federal court order ending segregation. The busing is sporadic and continues for the next two years.
The case considers whether Marion County state legislative districts were drawn improperly to minimize the voting strength of Black residents. The Supreme Court rules that an intent to discriminate cannot be proven and, therefore, the redistricting is not unconstitutional.
The U.S. Supreme Court allows busing for the purposes of desegregation, leading to its widespread implementation. Federal district judge S. Hugh Dillin adopts this remedy for Indianapolis in 1973.
The annual exposition holds its inaugural event, a one-day gathering, at the Indiana State Fairgrounds. It aims to highlight the talents and achievements of African Americans and identify and address their challenges.
U.S. District Judge S. Hugh Dillin finds IPS guilty of segregation and orders it to accelerate desegregation of its staff and some schools.
Langhart goes on the air as host of WISH-TV’s Indy Today. When she leaves to join a station in Boston, Alpha Blackburn, a prominent African American Indianapolis entrepreneur and personality, continues the broadcast.
Six years after the celebration was founded in Los Angeles, Indianapolis poet Mari Evans and others hold the first seven-day Indianapolis Kwanzaa celebration at IUPUI’s Cavanaugh Hall. The celebration, organized by the Indianapolis Kwanzaa Committee, later moves to the Indianapolis Public Library.
To speed integration of Indianapolis Public Schools, Judge Hugh Dillin of the United States District Court orders a busing system to transfer African American students within the IPS district to surrounding suburban schools.
Even after being displaced by the interstate, former Black and Jewish residents of the Babe Denny neighborhood launch what becomes an annual community picnic, held each August in Babe Denny Park.
College Avenue Baptist Church (now Oasis of Hope Baptist Church) welcomes Reverend Frank Alexander as its pastor. He uses his role to engage and foster community in Martindale Brightwood, with the church building apartments and engaging in economic development.
Known as “The Hoosier Comet,” the Indianapolis native plays for the Indianapolis ABCs of the Negro National League for several years, starting in 1916. He later manages the famous show team, the Indianapolis Clowns, for their 1954 season.
Hudnut publicly recognizes the disparity between the proportion of Black officers and Black citizens. He promises to close the gap through strong recruitment efforts.
The interstate construction displaces at least 17,000 residents—primarily Black and low-income—and leaves widespread resentment at the inequitable burden placed on these communities.
Martin Center, an educational institution, opens under the leadership of Father Boniface Hardin, O.S.B. Reflecting increased enrollment and diversity of degree programs, it becomes Martin University in 1990.
The center is established to identify and address the obstacles facing Indianapolis’ Black students. S. Henry Bundles, a prominent Black leader, becomes its first president.
The radio show features conversations between Brown and Mayor Bill Hudnut. The program continues under the Stephen Goldsmith administration, lasting until 1993. Brown becomes one of the best-known media voices in the Black community.
Payton Wells Chevrolet opens as the first minority-owned dealership selling new vehicles at 1510 North Meridian Street in downtown Indianapolis.
Mayor Bill Hudnut selects Slash, a certified public accountant who is new to politics, because of his financial acumen. He later leads the Indianapolis Urban League (2002-2014).
Created as a nonprofit organization, the Madam Walker Urban Life Center, Inc., begins work to save the historic Walker Building from deterioration and demolition.
The city population totals 700,807, with 152,626 African Americans.
Following the police-action shooting of local Black man Michael Smith, Mayor Hudnut selects Donald Tanselle and Lehman Adams to investigate how to better the relationship between the police and community. New police training procedures are enacted as a result.
Wiliam G. Mays, a chemist, founds the company that becomes one of the largest chemical distributors and the 16th-largest African American industrial service in the country. He purchases the Indianapolis Recorder in 1990 and, with Bill Shirk, launches WAV-TV in 1992, the first over-the-air television station to have Black ownership in the city.
Rev. Robert Bates files a discrimination suit against the club in 1974 after two Black men are denied membership. The suit is finally heard in federal court in 1980, and as a result, the club agrees to no longer consider race in its membership policies. It also allows Rev. Bates to choose 6 members of its board.
Perry becomes president after being one of the first African American doctors on the Methodist Hospital medical staff and its first Black director of medical research (1963). He lays the groundwork for the institution to become a leading center for teaching and research as well as for patient care.
At the start of the new school year, around 7,000 Black students are bused to Perry, Wayne, Franklin, Decatur, Lawrence, and Warren townships. Pike and Washington already have significant number of Black students enrolled.
Freetown Village, conceptualized by Ophelia Wellington out of her desire to teach African American history. The organization begins as a live-action exhibit in the Indiana State Museum, portraying Black history. Freetown actors later travel the Midwest and recreate Indiana’s post-Civil War Black settlements.
Jatrice Martel Gaiter, an attorney, spearheads the creation of the Indianapolis chapter of 100 Black Women. Designed to respond to the needs of Black women in the community, the group focuses on areas of economic development, political action, arts and culture, and professional development.
With only 7 original buildings remaining, the apartments are designated as an official Indianapolis historic district.
The team, comprised of all Black students with only three years of chess experience, wins the U.S. Elementary School Chess Championship, held in Tennessee. The team goes on to win matches in Japan.
Frank Perry Lloyd and other Black community leaders found the group which provides programs that focus on mentoring, education, and leadership development for the city’s Black youth.
In response to a 1984 conflict between the Black and Jewish communities, 50 Black women and 50 Jewish women organize with the mission to better understand one another and to deal with common problems together. The group meets several times a year and holds dinners, book-discussion groups, and visits to each other’s churches and synagogues.
An estimated 40,000 spectators see Mississippi Valley State University defeat Grambling University, 48-36, in what becomes an annual weekend celebration of African American achievements.
Reverend T. Garrot launches Heaven on Earth Ministries, a television ministry program. By its third year on air, the televised sermons were accessible on the Black Entertainment Network, the Trinity Broadcasting Network, and the Armed Forces Network.
After 32 years working as a firefighter, Joseph Kimbrew becomes the first Black fire chief in Indianapolis, named to lead Station 1. He holds this position until 1992.
Indiana Avenue is recognized as a historic district for its significance as the city’s primary area for commercial activity that served the Black community of Indianapolis.
Indiana Pacers president, Donnie Walsh, directs the team to draft Reggie Miller out of UCLA. Miller becomes the All-Star face of the franchise during a Hall of Fame career.
Michael Taylor is shot and killed while in police custody. Multiple investigations determine Taylor’s death as self-inflicted due to the negligence of the arresting police officers. Taylor’s death puts pressure on Indianapolis police after a decade of high incidences of shootings of Black victims by police.
Career journalist, Eunice Trotter ends the Stewart family’s long run as owner and publisher of the Indianapolis Recorder (1895-1988), which is the nation’s 4th-oldest surviving African American newspaper. She is one of only a few African American women to publish a newspaper.
Indianapolis Public Library artist-in-residence Anthony Radford organizes the showcase that highlights the works of the city’s top African American visual artists. It becomes an annual event.
Mayor Hudnut and the City-County Council establish the campaign as a public-private partnership to implement the recommendations of the Marion County Task Force on Infant Mortality aimed at lowering the city’s high Black infant mortality rate.
The city population totals 731,327, with 165,570 African Americans.
The Alfords create the organization to represent the economic interests of the African American community. It becomes a national organization on May 23, 1993, and is renamed the National Black Chamber of Commerce. The organization moves to Washington, D. C. in 1994.
Murvin Enders, a plant manager at Chrysler Corporation, files a complaint with the Indiana Civil Rights Commission after having been denied membership in the Highland Club twice. The club begins accepting Black members the following year.
Dr. Shirl Gilbert is appointed superintendent of IPS after having served as deputy superintendent. His chief priority is helping socially and economically disadvantaged students.
Ribb’s participation in the Indianapolis 500 marks the end of the longest-standing color barrier in professional sports.
The first African American to hold the position of police chief pushes for stronger anti-drug programs and better hiring processes.
Following its placement on the National Register, the City of Indianapolis makes the historic African American near west side neighborhood one of its official historic districts.
Tyson is accused of raping a Miss Black America pageant contestant during his visit to Indiana Black Expo in July 1991. The internationally publicized trial of the heavyweight boxing champion lasts 13 days. The jury returns a verdict of guilty, and Tyson is sentenced to six years in prison followed by four years’ probation.
In his thinly veiled autobiographical novel, Indianapolis native and acclaimed critic Pinkney writes about a young, middle-class Black man growing up in the northern suburbs of Indianapolis in the 1960s. It wins the prestigious Los Angeles Times Art Seidenbaum Award for First Fiction.
Widely recognized as Indiana’s most successful Black businessman, Mays, owner of Mays Chemical, the Indianapolis Recorder, and WAV-TV, serves as Chamber of Commerce chairman from 1993-1994. He also is the first African American appointed to the Indiana Hoosier Lottery Commission and the first to chair the United Way of Central Indiana campaign.
The series captures the experiences of both Black and white female Butler students shopping in Indianapolis malls. They find that white students are greeted promptly and treated courteously, while Black students are not greeted at all and are not helped unless they ask for it.
The IPS Board and U.S. District Court Judge S. Hugh Dillin approve the Select Schools reform plan. The goal of the plan, which allows parents to select the school their child attends, is to engage parents and improve academic achievement by fostering competition for students among IPS schools.
The Church Federation organizes a Celebration of Hope service, bringing together different faith communities to counter a Ku Klux Klan rally. The service becomes an annual event intended to better race relations.
St. Bridget closes as membership declines with the movement of the Black population away from the near west side. The church reappears as an independent Catholic church, holding services at St. Phillips Episcopal Church.
President Bill Clinton and the families of Martin Luther King Jr. and Robert F. Kennedy attend the event for the memorial that commemorates the spot where RFK made his famous speech upon hearing the news of MLK’s assassination, April 4, 1968.
As the first Black assistant dean of the school (1994-1999), Dr. George Rawls launches the Medical Science program to increase African American representation among practicing medical practitioners. The graduate program leads to a Master of Science degree.
Incorporation of the Metropolitan Youth Orchestra formalizes the program that Betty Perry initiated to remedy the lack of classical music training for African American youth.
Indianapolis native Kenneth Brian Edmonds wins two Grammy Awards, one for his R&B Song “I’ll Make Love to You” and the other for Male R&B Vocal Performance in “When Can I See You.”
A protégé of Democratic congressman Andy Jacobs, Carson begins her first term representing the 7th Indiana Congressional District. She spends her six terms in office focused on issues of concern to the lives of Indianapolis’ working class.
Indianapolis Public Schools begin the multi-year phase out of forced busing in fall 1999. The practice officially ends with the graduating class in the 2015-2016 school year.
City Population totals 781,707, with 199,382 African Americans.
The center is the new permanent home of the Indianapolis Urban League and is named for Jones, the organization’s influential first president (1966-2002).
Crawford authors three biennial state budgets where he strives to ensure equitable state spending that does not overlook the underserved citizens of Indiana, not just those in his local Indianapolis district.
Anderson, an Indianapolis native who attended Shortridge High School, served as U.S. Marshal for the Southern District of Indiana for many years before becoming sheriff. A Democrat, he is the first African American elected to the post in Marion County, as well as the first in Indiana.
Built as a replacement for the Senate Avenue YMCA in 1959, the Fall Creek YMCA closes due to financial trouble and controversies concerning racial discrimination. It had served the African American community for several decades
First elected to the City Council (pre-Unigov) in 1965, Boyd serves until 2007, the last three years as the council’s president. He is the longest-serving City-County councilor at the time of his departure.
The non-partisan coalition includes more than 20 African American civic, social, professional, service, and community organizations. It aims to educate and engage Blacks in the local, state, and national political process.
At the age of 40, Angela Brown, who finds her niche in classical music while in college, makes her Metropolitan Opera debut in the title role of Verdi’s Aida.
Named after the historic U.S. Army Black cavalry, the chapter becomes one of the largest in the national organization. It promotes the sport of motorcycling in a positive way by supporting community and charitable causes.
The university renames the former University Library and new home of University College for Taylor, an African American who was the first dean of the IUPUI School of Liberal Arts. The local chapter of the Association for the Study of American Life also bears his name.
The Democratic Party and groups representing minority and elderly citizens argue that the 2005 Indiana law requiring all in-person voters to show a government-issued photo id constitutes an undue burden on the right to vote. The U.S. Supreme Court rules to uphold the law.
The city population totals 820,445, with 225,355 African Americans.
Tonya Walton Pratt is appointed to the U.S. District Court, Southern District of Indiana. She becomes the first African American chief judge of the court in 2021.
Daniels, who played for the Indiana Pacers for six seasons (1968-1974), becomes the first member of the team inducted into the national basketball Hall of Fame.
An 18-year-old African American, Michael Brown, is fatally shot by Ferguson, MO police officer Darren Wilson. Along with other instances of Black men shot by police across the United States, the incident sparks weeks of protests all over the country, including Indianapolis.
A group of 10 Indianapolis residents found Indy10 Black Lives Matter after traveling to Ferguson, Missouri, to protest the fatal shooting of Michael Brown by police.
Established at the Indiana University Lilly School of Philanthropy, the Mays Institute on Diverse Philanthropy honors the life and impact of the life of businessman Bill Mays, along with his wife Dr. Rose Mays. The institute works to strengthen issues of diversity, equity, and inclusion within the philanthropic sector.
The Black Chamber of Commerce serves as an information resource for Black-owned businesses. It aims to bolster economic development in the African American community.
SUN Development, a management corporation, purchases the 180-year-old church property of Bethel AME, the oldest African American religious congregation in Indianapolis. It turns the location at 414 W. Vermont Street into a hotel while preserving much of the church’s facade. Bethel moves to a new building in Pike Township.
Mari Evans, a prize-winning and well-known poet, was also an activist for the Black community. She focused her work on exploring and sharing the Black experience through television shows, books and plays, and courses.
Jennifer Baskerville-Burrows is the 11th bishop diocesan of the Episcopal Diocese of Indianapolis. Prior to this appointment, she worked in various roles for the Episcopal Church throughout the country.
Adams previously served as the Indiana state health commissioner and associate professor of anesthesia at Eskenazi Health. His focus as surgeon general is on addressing the opioid crisis and mental health issues.
Catchings plays for the Fever 15 seasons before retiring from the WNBA basketball court. She is an 11-time WNBA All-Star, 12-time All-WNBA Defensive Player, 5-time league championship MVP, and 4-time Olympic gold medalist. She is elected to the Women’s Basketball Hall of Fame in 2020.
The center, located in the library’s West Reading Room, features a collection of books, interactive displays, and research tools to aid in exploring the Black experience in Indianapolis.
The Landmark for Peace memorial, site of Robert Kennedy Jr.’s famous 1968 speech upon the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr., is designated the Kennedy-King National Commemorative Site.
McCoy, an Indianapolis native, purchases WISH-TV and WNDY-TV for $42.5 million and forms Circle City Broadcasting.
Aleesia Johnson becomes the first Black woman to be named superintendent of Indianapolis Public Schools. Having worked as a teacher, school leader, and administrator in both public charter and traditional district schools, she brings over 16 years of experience to Indiana’s largest school district.
The city population totals 887,642, with 253,865 African Americans.
Artists and employees call for change following the release of a job description that mentions maintaining the “traditional, core, white audience.” The museum is also criticized for excluding its majority Black neighborhood, for creating a discriminatory culture, and for lack of support to Black artists.
Floyd’s murder by an arresting police officer in Milwaukee, WI, results in a series of protests in Indianapolis against racial discrimination. During the first three days, two people were killed, businesses are looted and vandalized, and officers use tear gas, pepper balls, and batons on hundreds of people.
An evening protest, organized by Black Women in Charge, becomes the city’s largest demonstration against racial inequality and police brutality in at least 30 years, with over 4,000 protestors in attendance. A curfew is in place from 8 pm to 6 am.
After weeks of protests against racial discrimination, the Indianapolis City-County Council votes unanimously to pass a resolution declaring racism a public health crisis in Indianapolis.
The American Civil Liberties Union of Indiana calls for an end to the use of tear gas, pepper balls, and other similar crowd control methods against protestors. It files a lawsuit against the City of Indianapolis over the use of these methods during the protests.
Governor Holcomb and Mayor Hogsett signed proclamations declaring June 19 as Juneteenth in the state and city. Juneteenth celebrations include the “Juneteenth Freedom Festival,” “Black Out for Black Lives,” a march for peace ending at an event at Martin Luther King Memorial Park, an Indy Lawyers for Black Lives protest, and the virtual “Juneteenth Celebration” hosted by the Indianapolis Recorder and other community groups.
The Indianapolis Public Schools Board of School Commissioners approves the Racial Equity Mindset, Commitment & Action policy and the Black Lives Matter resolution. Both are aimed at making changes to policies, practices, and attitudes that perpetuate inequity, racism, and biases.
The Murals for Racial Justice Project, an initiative of the Arts Council of Indianapolis, commissions 22 Black artists to create 24 temporary murals on boarded-up storefronts in downtown Indianapolis. The works are later recreated on banners displayed at the Central Library and available for educational use by the community.
The Downtown Indy Rebuilding and Recovery Committee is formed to help Indianapolis recover from the coronavirus recession and to increase black-owned businesses around the Mile Square. Indy Black Businesses Matter is a 2-part campaign to spotlight Black-owned businesses and increase diversity in the workforce.