African American Golf African Americans have a rich history of golfing in Indianapolis, but that history was always shaped by segregation. Golf was introduced in the United States at the end of the… Read More »African American Golf
African Americans in Business African Americans have engaged in business activity since the earliest days of Indianapolis. Early in the city’s history, Black entrepreneurs usually operated as independent contractors or sole proprietors and primarily… Read More »African Americans in Business
African Americans in Politics Black residents have fought for civil rights and participation in politics from the beginning of the city’s history. Indiana’s 1816 Constitution barred African Americans from voting and holding public office.… Read More »African Americans in Politics
Agriculture and Agribusiness Indianapolis has a long history of producing crops and livestock and continues to be one of Indiana’s largest agricultural contributors. Early History, 1820s-1850s Agriculture was necessary for the survival of… Read More »Agriculture and Agribusiness
Air Quality There is little evidence that air pollution was ever considered a significant problem in Indianapolis from the late 1800s through World War II, although there were some organized efforts at… Read More »Air Quality
Aircraft Accidents Indianapolis has witnessed over 100 air crashes since aviation came to the city in the early 20th century. The earliest known airplane accident occurred during June 1910, Indianapolis Aero Meet,… Read More »Aircraft Accidents
Alternative Medicine Because of the harsh remedies of bloodletting and purging employed during the early 19th century, many Indianapolis residents avoided physicians altogether. Home remedies passed down through the generations provided treatment for… Read More »Alternative Medicine
Americanization and Nativism Although not recognized for its ethnic diversity, Indianapolis attracted periodic waves of foreign immigrants in the 1830s to 1850s (Germans and Irish) and the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries… Read More »Americanization and Nativism
Americanization Programs in Schools Americanization programs were aimed at socializing immigrants and their children to the norms of middle-class, native-born Americans. That Americanization was one of the early purposes of free, public education can… Read More »Americanization Programs in Schools
Annexation In Indianapolis, annexation involved a struggle between those in city government who saw physical growth as progress and citizens who viewed absorption into the city as a loss of autonomy… Read More »Annexation
