Presbyterians have been present in Indianapolis since the city’s creation. The Protestant denomination developed from the reformed movement led by 16^th -century French theologian John Calvin. Named for its form of congregational government, each Presbyterian congregation selects its leadership (“ruling elders”) who call and direct their pastors (“teaching elders”). These elders gather in regional bodies called Presbyteries and Synods and in a national General Assembly to govern church affairs. Presbyterians have always insisted on an educated clergy trained to read the Christian Bible in its original languages; this characteristic made it distinct from most other Christian groups on the North American frontier. Hence, through the 19^th century, Presbyterian congregations attracted a more educated, middle-class membership who valued education, and worshippers tended to be prominent in civic affairs. Indianapolis’s first Presbyterian congregations followed this pattern.

Early Years, 1820-1837

In keeping with their high estimation of education, early Presbyterian activities in the new settlement of Indianapolis focused on literacy efforts to afford Bible study. Physician Isaac Coe convened one of the first Presbyterian groups in Indianapolis, a Bible class at the home of a Methodist citizen, in February of 1822. From this group grew a union Sunday school the following April which gathered scholars and teachers across denominational lines and taught many village children to read. The Sunday school met in Caleb Scudder’s carpenter shop on State House square. On Saturday, July 5, 1823, First Presbyterian Church was organized there, and Scudder and Coe were elected elders. On the following Sunday, the congregation celebrated communion in their partially completed building.

The union Sunday school was the only one in town until Methodists and other denominations formed schools beginning in 1828. At that point, the original school dropped the name “union” and became Presbyterian. James M. Ray, first Marion County clerk, was Sunday school superintendent for 25 years, and pioneer merchant James Blake was associated with the institution for three decades. Presbyterians also provided weekday schools for pioneer Indianapolis. The libraries of the church and the union Sunday school were probably the earliest in the city for public use.

Old School v. New School and Expansion, 1838-1896

Amid a national debate in the early decades of the 19^th century among Protestant Christians of most denominations over slavery in the United States, in 1837 Presbyterians organizationally split. In general terms, Old School Presbyterians were more conservative and tolerant of slavery as the Bible appeared to approve keeping human chattel. New School Presbyterians believed that the Bible evidenced God’s desire for human freedom; therefore, they advocated the abolition of slavery. Moreover, New School Presbyterians were more attuned to evangelical efforts to recruit Christian believers and build God’s kingdom on earth through social reforms. They also evinced a more ecumenical worldview, willing to work with other Christians in multiple endeavors—a tradition that has continued. Thus, believing that their faith required works, Presbyterians threw themselves into efforts to wipe out poverty and illiteracy, reform prisons and mental health care, and correct other social ills.

First Presbyterian Church, located on the Governor’s Circle, was an Old-School congregation. In 1838, 15 members left it to become New School in November, 1838, electing Daniel Yandes and Bethuel F. Morris as elders. By the end of 1840, when Indianapolis reported 2,662 citizens, the Presbyterians had two churches with two impressive young pastors. Phineas D. Gurley, at First Church (Old School) 1840-1849, would eventually become a prominent Washington pastor, chaplain of the U.S. Senate, and minister to Abraham Lincoln. Henry Ward Beecher at Second Presbyterian Church (New School and also located on the Circle) 1839-1847, would move to New York and attain national prominence as a preacher.

Both congregations steadily expanded, with each following a common pattern. Parishioners would open a new Sunday school, and if it prospered, they would build a chapel. Eventually, some members of the mother church would transfer to become the nucleus for a new church. On that pattern, First Presbyterian formed Third Presbyterian (later Tabernacle) in September of 1851. Second Presbyterian formed Fourth Presbyterian (later Fairview) only a few weeks later. Officers of Third Presbyterian helped a mission Sunday school in a Civil War-era ammunition warehouse become Fifth Presbyterian in 1867. Pastor Hanford Edson of Second Church led his mission workers to form Olivet Church (later Sixth Presbyterian) also in 1867. And First Presbyterian moved its mission, begun in Peter Routier’s carpenter shop, into its own building as Seventh Presbyterian the same year. Eighth Presbyterian (later West Washington Street) was at Indianola west of town. Benjamin Harrison was among First Church elders who made the “Saw Mill Mission” into Ninth Presbyterian in 1872.

In 1869, after the Civil War and amendments to the U.S. Constitution ended slavery, the Old School and New School Presbyterians in the North merged again to form the United Presbyterian Church U.S.A. (Southern, former Confederate-rebel Presbyterians maintained a separate denomination). Beyond the Old School/New School division, other Presbyterian denominations arose in the 19^th century which had a presence in Indianapolis. A characteristic of the Protestant tradition has been the propensity to argue and divide over differences in biblical interpretation or doctrine. For example, several city congregations formed part of the United Presbyterian Church of North America, which retained conservative Calvinist traditions of the Scottish church. A single Cumberland Presbyterian Church congregation, a branch that had been expelled for ordaining men who did not meet the larger denomination’s education requirements, existed in the city in 1906. Most Cumberland Presbyterian congregations rejoined the Presbyterian Church U.S.A. that same year.

Prosperity, 1897-1958

In Indianapolis, the informal growth pattern gradually gave way to church development planned by the northern United Presbyterian Church U.S.A. mission agencies. The turn of the 20^th century saw significant growth in new congregations in new suburban Indianapolis neighborhoods. Expansion continued with Home (1897), Grace (1897), Irvington (1906), Immanuel (formerly Sutherland, 1908), Meridian Heights (1909), Fairview (1924), Wallace Street (1925), and Christ (formerly Prentice, 1929). In 1907, Witherspoon Presbyterian Church became the first Indianapolis church of the denomination to serve the African American community.

In the early-20^th century, Presbyterians became embroiled in controversies over doctrinal and theological issues, such as premillennialism and postmillennialism (differing interpretations of Christ’s second coming as described in the book of Revelation, chapter 20) and fundamentalism (a belief in the strict, literal interpretation of scripture) versus modernism (which emphasizes freedom and progress in religious thought). The debates were hottest in national assemblies and seminaries, but local congregations also experienced them.

Following World War II. churches paid off indebtedness and expanded facilities. New congregations in that vital period were Northminster (1945), Covenant (1949), St. Andrew (1955), Orchard Park (1956), and Faith (1960, from historic New Providence-Southport, 1833). In 1958, after years of patient work, the United Presbyterian Church of North America came under the umbrella of the United Presbyterian Church U.S.A.

Recent Developments, 1960-

Like other Protestant denominations, issues of race and racism have plagued Presbyterianism in Indianapolis. The Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. could have been speaking about Presbyterian worship in Indianapolis throughout the 20^th century when in 1960 he said that 11 am on a Sunday morning was perhaps the most segregated hour in America. Two city United Presbyterian U.S.A. congregations, Witherspoon and Immanuel, were predominantly African American, while many predominantly white churches had only a sprinkling of members of color. Black and white Presbyterians worshipped in neighborhood churches separated by redlining, school segregation, and other forms of institutional racism. With the claim that he wished to head off dispute and conflict in his congregation, one white pastor actively discouraged African American worshippers from joining his church. A legacy of discouragement and distrust of white worshippers existed among Black believers, but some Black Presbyterians showed determination to attend predominantly white churches in their neighborhoods.

In the middle of the 20^th century, Presbyterians numbered over 4 million in the United States, the fourth-largest Protestant denomination in the country. In 1969, talks began between the major northern and southern denominations, which came to fruition in 1983 as the merged Presbyterian Church (PC) (U.S.A.). Controversies over such issues as the ordination of women, however, led some conservative congregations to leave the “mainline” national Presbyterian denomination in 1973 to form the Presbyterian Church in America (PCA), which considers itself more faithful to the Calvinist tradition. Still later, as Christians debated whether congregations should call openly gay or lesbian persons as pastors, more Presbyterian congregations left the PC (U.S.A.) and joined the PCA or became independent. A Korean Church was organized in 1981.

During the last decades of the 20^th century, attendance and membership numbers in Presbyterian and other mainline denominations declined steadily. In 2021, the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) reported 1.2 million adherents, with thousands leaving each year from congregational defections as conservatives accused the denomination of being too “liberal.” In Indianapolis, the denomination counted 11,675 members in 2010 (the latest year for which local statistics were available), down 35 percent since 1990 and nearly 42 percent since 1980. The Presbyterian Church of American (PCA) to which several Indianapolis congregations moved numbered 383,000 across the United States in 2021. The Presbytery of Whitewater Valley, the PC (U.S.A.) regional body that includes Indianapolis, in 2021 reported 7,092 members in its 14 city congregations. The Central Indiana Presbytery of the PCA, in 2021, contained five Indianapolis congregations. Several Presbyterian congregations in Indianapolis have closed their doors as members aged and youth did not replace them. Notwithstanding these challenges, in the early 21^st century the Presbyterian tradition remained prominent in the city and its congregations active in community affairs.